Pediatric uology: Then and now

Pediatric cardiology: then and now.

It is difficult to date the start of interest in the clinical importance of congenital anomalies of the heart. Sporadic reports certainly appeared from autopsy and dissecting rooms from the seventeenth century onwards. By the eighteenth century, that most entrepreneurial of centuries, the basics of British cardiology were being laid down. Stephen Hales' physiologic researches were running in pa...

Schizophrenia: Then and Now

EPS—Then and Now

"Slime" played a brief and spectacular role in the 19th century founded by the theory of primordial slime by Ernst Haeckel. However, that substance was never found and eventually abandoned. Further scientific attention slowly began in the 1930s referring to slime as a microbial product and then was inspired by "How bacteria stick" by Costerton et al. in 1978, and the matrix material was conside...

Then and Now

Fluoroquinolones: then and now.

Fluoroquinolones were discovered in the 1960s as a derivative of the antimalarial drug chloroquine. Over the past 40 years, many fluoroquinolones have been developed for use in human and veterinary medicine. As with all classes of antibiotics, resistance to fluoroquinolones is a serious concern, and multiple avenues for resistance are being investigated. Resistance-associated point mutations in...